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Tuesday 2 September 2014
Tuesday 10 July 2012
ADJECTIVES
Not all languages have adjectives, but most, including English, do. (English adjectives include big, old, and tired, among many others.) Those that do not, typically use words of another part of speech, often verbs, to serve the same semantic function; for example, such a language might have a verb that means "to be big", and would use a construction analogous to "big-being house" to express what English expresses as "big house". Even in languages that do have adjectives, one language's adjective might not be another's; for example, while English uses "to be hungry" (hungry being an adjective).
In many
languages, attributive adjectives usually occur in a specific order. The
adjective order in English is generally;
- opinion
- size
- age
- shape
- color
- origin
- material
- purpose
So, in
English, adjectives pertaining to size precede adjectives pertaining to age
("little old", not "old little"), which in turn generally
precede adjectives pertaining to color ("old white", not "white
old"). So, we would say "A nice (opinion) little (size) old (age)
white (color) brick (material) house". However, some native speakers will
say, "a big, ugly desk" (size, opinion) instead of "an ugly, big
desk" (opinion, size).
PREPOSITIONS
A
Preposition is a word used for
showing in what relation one thing stands to another thing.
The
Noun on Noun-equivalent that comes after a preposition is called its Object.
A
preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of
its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the
table.
The book is leaning against
the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the
table.
She read the book during
class.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun
"book" in space or in time.
A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any
associated adjectives or adverbs. A
prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. The
most common prepositions are "about," "above,"
"across," "after," "against," "along,"
"among," "around," "at," "before,"
"behind," "below," "beneath," "beside,"
"between," "beyond," "but," "by,"
"despite," "down," "during," "except,"
"for," "from," "in," "inside,"
"into," "like," "near," "of,"
"off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside,"
"over," "past," "since," "through,"
"throughout," "till," "to," "toward,"
"under," "underneath," "until," "up,"
"upon," "with," "within," and
"without."
Each of the highlighted
words in the following sentences is a preposition:
The children climbed the mountain without
fear.
In this sentence, the preposition "without" introduces the
noun "fear." The prepositional phrase "without fear"
functions as an adverb describing how the children climbed
INTERJECTIONS
Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion.
They are included in a sentence usually at the start to express a sentiment
such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm.
The
meaning of an interjection might be expressed by a parenthetical sentence.
Examples:
“My
son (I am sorry to say) died yesterday”.
Observe
that a sentence substituted for an interjection is always parenthetial.The
sentence “I am sorry to say” is as completely isolated from the sentence “My
son died yesterday” by the parenthesis as the Interjection “alas!” is isolated
from it by its own nature.
CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word used for showing
in what relation one notion to another notion, or one thought to another
thought.
Take
such examples as the following:
1) He
is a humble minded and contected
man.
2) We
admire the character of a poor, but
honest, man.
3) That
man is disliked, because he is
ill-tempered.
In the examples:
1) the notion of humility expressed by
“humble minded” is connected (in the sense of
addition) with
the notion of contentment expressed by “contented”.The one notion is
simply added to
the other.The Conjunction used for this purpose is “and”.
2) the notion of
poverty expressed by “poor” is connected with the notion of honestly
expressed by
“honest”.The one notion is contrasted with the other.The conjunction used
for this
sentence is put.
3) the thought
expresses by the sentence “he is ill-tempered” is connected (in the sense of
cause or reason)
with the thought expressed by the sentence “that man is disliked”.The
one thought is
given as the reason for the other.
ADVERBS
An
adverb is a word that extends the meaning and narrows the application of any
part of speech except a Nouns or Pronoun.Examples:
1.
With verb : I much admire his industry.
2.
With adjective : He is deservedly successful.
3.
With preposition : The body floated partly above and partly above and partly below
The water.
4.
With conjunction : He was despired, merely because he was poor.
In
the examples:
1)
the Verb “admire” is qualified by the Adverb “much”.
2) the adjective “successful” is qualified by
the Adverb “desevedly”.
3) the Preposition “above” is qualified by the
Adverb “partly” ; and the preposition “below” by the same Adverb.
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